Information on police response time is incomplete, but in the available data, it took law enforcement three minutes, on average, to arrive at the scene of an active shooting. Hunter Martaindale, director of research at the ALERRT Center, said the group has used the data to train law enforcement that “When you show up and this is going on, you are going to be the one to solve this problem.” Most events end before the police arrive, but police officers are usually the ones to end an attack if they get to the scene while it is ongoing. Police officers shoot or physically subdue the shooter in less than a third of attacks. “It’s demonstrably false, because often they are stopping themselves.” “It’s direct, indisputable, empirical evidence that this kind of common claim that ‘the only thing that stops a bad guy with the gun is a good guy with the gun’ is wrong,” said Adam Lankford, a professor at the University of Alabama, who has studied mass shootings for more than a decade. But in about half of all cases, the attackers commited suicide or simply stopped shooting and fled. People at the scene did intervene, sometimes shooting the attackers, but typically physically subduing them. Most attacks captured in the data were already over before law enforcement arrived.
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What is less clear is how to limit the damage of these attacks, given how quickly they unfold and how powerful the weapons used can be. Researchers caution that some older attacks may be missing from the data, but they feel confident in their overall assessment that shootings are increasing. Unlike mass shooting tallies that count a minimum number of people shot or killed, the active attack data includes episodes with fewer casualties, but researchers exclude domestic shootings and gang-related attacks. The data comes from the Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training Center at Texas State University, whose researchers work with the F.B.I.
The country experienced an average of more than one a week in 2021 alone. There were at least 433 active shooter attacks - in which one or more shooters killed or attempted to kill multiple unrelated people in a populated place - in the United States from 2000 to 2021. Researchers who study active shooter events say it can be difficult to draw broad policy conclusions from individual episodes, but a review of data from two decades of such attacks reveals patterns in how they unfold, and how hard they are to stop once they have begun.
“What stops armed bad guys is armed good guys,” Senator Ted Cruz suggested in the wake of the Uvalde shooting, echoing many other gun rights advocates over the years. The debate has moved to Capitol Hill as lawmakers consider gun safety legislation that could increase funding for mental health services, school safety and other measures aimed at keeping guns out of the hands of dangerous people. The lengthy police response to a school shooting in Uvalde, Texas, and the death of an armed security guard as part of an attack on a Buffalo supermarket last month have drawn fresh scrutiny to a recurring (and uniquely American) debate: What role should the police and bystanders play in active shooter attacks, and what interventions would best stop the violence?
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